Saturday, December 08, 2018

Boasting about how many hours you work is a sign of failure

Where's the colony on Mars, hm?

Talking about how many hours you work is not impressive.  Far from being an indication of industrious achievements or alpha status, it should be seen as a professionally embarrassing sign that, quite frankly, you have nothing else to boast about.

Showing off about overwork is now so ubiquitous it's difficult to remember a time when lack of sleep and hours spent at the office weren't talked of with a puff of pride. "We just maximize every hour we can, however we can do it," Twitter executive chairman Omid Kordestani told the Wall Street Journal (paywall) in 2015, explaining that he became chief executive Jack Dorsey's driver so they could talk business as they commute.  "When you hear the so-called apocryphal stories about Tim Cook coming to work in the wee hours and staying late," Don Melton, who started Apple's Safari, told Debug podcast in 2014, "It's not just some PR person telling you stories to make you think that Apple executives work really hard like that.  They really do that." And, of course, just last month, the patron saint of work boasts, Tesla chief executive Elon Musk, declared that "nobody ever changed the world on 40 hours a week." Musk said in November that he worked 120-hour weeks, and on Twitter claimed that 80 to 100 hours per week is necessary to change the world.

As countless studies have shown, this simply isn't true.  Productivity dramatically decreases with longer work hours, and completely drops off once people reach 55 hours of work a week, to the point that, on average, someone working 70 hours in a week achieves no more than a colleague working 15 fewer hours.

The massive, obvious counterpoint to Musk's boasts is that, despite working more than 17 hours a day for weeks on end, Musk hasn't yet changed the world.  Not in a real, meaningful sense that will be remembered for generations to come like, say, biologist Charles Darwin, who worked four hours a day, or United States founding father Benjamin Franklin, who was strict about calling it a day after eight hours of work.  Sure, Tesla was ahead of the curve on getting the auto industry to go electric but, as Geoffrey James notes in Inc, AltaVista was the first ever search engine and no one says "let me AltaVista that for you."  It'll be pretty good going if Tesla manages to make electric cars affordable and replace internal-combustion engines entirely, but that hasn't happened yet.  Similarly, SpaceX has made rockets cheaper, which opens up a lot of opportunities, but we've yet to see the consequences.  If Musk eventually manages to create a colony on Mars then that, of course, would be world-changing—but I suspect we'd then hear a lot less about how he skips breakfast or doesn't get much sleep, because Musk would have something far more impressive to boast about.

Most people don't have such lofty goals as Musk.  But the same principle applies to all those business people and media types who just can't stop banging on and on about how much they do: If they'd actually done something truly, astoundingly brilliant, they wouldn't need to talk about their work ethic to assert their worth.  The account executive who trebles a company's income is indisputably a huge asset, and no boss will care if they leave work at 5pm and take lengthy lunch breaks while managing to achieve these results.  The same goes for best-selling authors, world-class scientists, and revolutionary politicians: If you achieve stupendous goals, that's all that matters.

It's only when your results are pretty good—a decent sales record, or a few good papers published—that work ethic is over-emphasized as an indication of value.  Or, if you're failing to produce quality results, then there's even more of a need to exaggerate working hours as evidence that if someone with your incessant-devotion-to-work and lack-of-personal-life can't achieve major results, then no one can.  It's effectively an excuse masquerading as a boast.

Why though, if we know more work doesn't lead to better results, does anyone perceive overworking as "good"?  Western society came to see work as virtuous thanks to Christian notions that work—and, in particular, work that involves suffering—is a noble endeavor that brings people closer to God.  Though the religious overtones have since been abandoned, long working hours have retained their status as a token of worth.  When Musk says you can only change the world if you work 80 hours a week, he's not presenting a serious argument, but is making a moral assertion that working more is inherently good.  And so, those who boast about work are inadvertently revealing their devotion to an outdated and thoughtless principle.  True world leaders don't need to prove their value by emphasizing their slavish devotion to work.  They have better things to do.

Source: Quartz
https://qz.com/co/1290419/boasting-about-how-many-hours-you-work-is-a-sign-of-failure/

Saturday, October 06, 2018

跟足指引、依足程序,標有招、價有格,合情合理合法,但就是利益輸送

沙田呂明才小學單野其實只係冰山一角。

之前有飯商大大聲咁講,學校管得好嚴,如果搵到證據利益輸送就報ICAC,我真係隔住部電話冷笑一聲。

利益輸送有好多層面,人地傻校長食橙皮,佢呢個傻校長食夾棍,仲要食到出晒面係真心抵捉。但更多更深層次嘅利益輸送,根本無人會睇到,就算睇到都唔會、唔敢講。

大概八、九年前,我曾經賣過兩個月教材,唔係好多,只係兩個月咁大把。我地做銷售嘅,尤其是初出茅廬的新人,通常都係努力打cold call搵客,睇下有冇學校會買我地套教材。

我記得個list有幾頁紙,當中有兩三頁係用紅色間起,上司跟我說這些是「地雷」,佢地會每年都搵唔同教材商quote價,但到最尾都係用返同一個教材商。而有趣的是,那個教材商的產品質素是行業內公認的差,但那間教材出版社,有著濃厚的教會背景,而這些「地雷」學校,也是那一派教會的。

拿,跟足指引、依足程序,標有招、價有格,合情合理合法,就係咁岩都係佢最好,你咬我食呀?神的旨意真的很奇妙,無論如何尋覓,到最後還是能找回失散的弟兄!你報ICAC,我當你係幫神蹟做見證,科主任無收錢、校長無收錢,我仲要自己貼埋錢出去,你耐得我咩何?

不過,你試下一間教會學校的校長,完全唔用同自己宗教派系有關的出版教材?我又想睇下佢可以做到幾耐。

查教育界呢,如果淨係睇數簿,只會捉到呢啲智商低下的「餅卡校長」、「窮遊校長」。但如果你睇埋校長返邊一間教會,簡直是開天眼,你會看到好多你不應該看到的「污糟野」。不過,又唔洗擔心,佢地真係合法,人地讀咁多書都係為左演繹完美的犯罪,所以我總是用欣賞的心態,去觀察教育界的五鬼運財,不,是天降神恩。

不過,唔講啦,反正只要你嗌得夠大聲、夠厚臉皮,就算你話個地球係平嘅都會有人信,何況只係話「根本無利益輸送」?依家仲有班家長繼續撐緊個校長,「繫上紫絲帶,以示支持校長和老師」,依家擺到明違規,都仲可以如此支持;面對法律,你跟我說人情與信任,你說多麼有趣。

幾日前我寫過一次,今日我再寫多一次:很多人在雞蛋與高牆之間,往往會選擇高牆,但總是不知廉恥地聲稱那不過是厚一點的蛋殼

Source: 倫敦人妻先生手記
https://www.facebook.com/mrwifelondon/posts/688537674859159

Tuesday, August 21, 2018

蔡英文︰中華民國在台灣本來就是獨立國家,沒必要搞獨立公投和改國名

摘要

台薩斷交,蔡英文中華民國台灣是各主要政黨的底線,要團結一致,合力守住「主權」的共同底線。李登輝也說從未主張過台灣獨立,因為台灣已經實質獨立。「底線」這兩個字很清楚,可見中華民國在台灣本來就是獨立的國家,沒必要搞獨立公投和改國名彭文正假台獨詐騙集團政論節目的改國名獨立公投,只是為私利譁眾取寵搏收視率而已,這種政論節目還是別看了吧。

我拿的是中華民國身分證,沒有中華人民共和國身份證。所以我是中華民國人民,不是中華人民共和國人民,這是很清楚的事。

正文

台薩斷交,蔡英文呼籲團結守住主權共同底線。蔡英文說:「(原音)以中華民國(台灣)之名的外交關係被破壞,就是挑戰我們共同的底線,壓迫我們的邦交國,以跟中華民國(台灣)斷交為建交的前提,就是對我國主權的侵犯。」可見民進黨的底線中華民國在台灣本來就是獨立的,不是假台獨詐騙集團的改國名獨立公投。「底線」這兩個字很清楚,不是假台獨詐騙集團政論節目的改國名獨立公投。

彭文正主張改國名獨立公投,也被李登輝打臉。李登輝台灣的中華民國與中華人民共和國,都是個別的「存在」能夠以台灣之名而存在,才是唯一的重點

他進一步說︰「其實我從未主張過台灣獨立,因為台灣已經實質獨立,沒必要在國際社會作出引起爭執的發言。此舉更讓中國解放軍毫無藉口對台再次動武,以轉移自身社會對立的高度矛盾。」

這裡李登輝只說對了一半,中華民國在台灣本來就是獨立的,沒有存在改國號與獨立公投的必要。因為︰

1. 中華民國自孫中山建國以後就是獨立的,政府逃到台灣來以後還是獨立的,何時沒獨立了?就像宋朝被金國趕到南宋,南宋沒獨立嗎?中國歷史上還有所謂五代十「國」,每一個都是獨立的國家。本來就獨立的,不需要公投獨立公投是想獨立未獨立國家在做的事。比如蘇格蘭獨立公投

2. 聯合國不承認中華民國,是因為中華人民共和國的關係。大陸市場大,它是用市場脅迫其他國家不承認中華民國,這應該不是新聞吧。不承認的「因」在中華人民共和國,改國號還是會因中華人民共和國的阻擋而進不了聯合國,彭P該不會天真的以為改國號中華人民共和國就不擋了吧,中華人民共和國一句不承認台灣獨立就封殺了。別忘了,中華人民共和國是聯合國五個常任理事國之一。(看他的作文的確很天真。)

3. 中華民國政府逃到台灣,不管是逃亡還是佔領,就是在台灣立足了,有人民土地政府主權,因為有主權所以選總統也不用再往上報要誰同意,這是不可否認的事實。我拿的是中華民國身分證,用的是中華民國發行的貨幣,我沒有中華人民共和國身份證。所以我是中華民國人民,不是中華人民共和國人民,這是很清楚的事。

4. 歷史上的中國領土變來變去,「中國」自古只是俗稱,沒甚麼多大意義。看各朝代小說,比如西遊記對外國都是稱「大唐」,沒在稱「中國」的。各朝代小說或文學作品是當時民間的通稱,騙不了人的,「中國」只有近代常用。正式的來說,如果中華民國會和中華人民共和國混淆,對外就強調台灣或ROC的簡稱也無妨,中華人民共和國簡稱是PRC,那就不會弄錯了。其實中華民國會和中華人民共和國就像香港和香港腳都是基本詞,是不同的事,差一字差很大。像牛頓定律也是基本詞,不能再拆開單字和「牛」有甚麼關係。幾內亞、巴布亞紐幾內亞、幾內亞比索、赤道幾內亞,都有「幾內亞」,卻是四個不同的國家。中非共和國與南非共和國也類似有Africa和African,蘇丹(Republic of the Sudan)和南蘇丹(Republic of South Sudan)也都有Sudan,且只差一字,但都是不同國的聯合國成員。

5. 有人說國共內戰未結束,還不能決定台灣是否獨立,這是邏輯不通的說法。不過不管戰爭有沒有結束,都不影響中華民國的獨立性中華民國自孫中山建國以後就是獨立的,政府逃到台灣來以後還是獨立的,且中華民國先於中華人民共和國獨立,中華民國的獨立性早就被世界公認,不需後來建立的中華人民共和國承認。中華人民共和國沒把中華民國滅掉,中華民國還是獨立的,戰爭沒結束只是說明沒滅掉而已。

6. 有人拿憲法疆域來說中華民國未獨立,其實那也是錯的。憲法第1條就是中華民國基於三民主義,為民有民治民享之民主共和國。就說明獨立性。至於疆域是否修正,和獨立性沒甚麼關係。一個人被打到缺手缺腳,只要還活著就是活著。而且後來中華民國憲法增修條文也講中華民國自由地區,等於把中國大陸區隔了,實際上雙方本來就管不到。

7. 有人說聯合國不承認中華民國所以沒獨立,這也是錯的。我拿的是中華民國身分證,出國是用中華民國護照,全世界119個國家免簽,比中華人民共和國多得多。中華民國沒進聯合國還不是活得好好的,也沒吃草根啃樹皮,國民所得也在全球人口15%以內,超越聯合國大部份國家。當然,能進聯合國很好,沒進也不是要到哭天號地的地步。拿聯合國不承認來說嘴是很有趣的事。

8. 你是男人,但有流氓強迫你身邊的人說你是女人,你就變女人了嗎?況且當初聯合國大會第2758號決議全文是把中華民國從聯合國驅逐出去,承認中華人民共和國。驅逐出去並不代表滅國,別搞錯了。

9. 瑞士是在2002年公投加入聯合國,如果不在聯合國代表「沒獨立,不是國家」,那2002年以前的瑞士是沒獨立沒主權不是國家了。主張不入聯就沒主權不是國家是很荒謬的事,聯合國只是一個國際組織,聯合國決議也不是所有人都買帳,聯合國通過全球禁止核武條約,美英法也不買帳

10. 從時間上而言,中華民國本來就是獨立的。後來的中華人民共和國若也獨立,那就是一邊一國,是中華人民共和國自己造成兩國論,責任不在中華民國。這從歷史順序上很清楚。

11. 社會上很多似是而非脫離現實的架空言論,比如有人瞎扯國際法,說中華民國在台灣未獨立。其實沒有一個國家獨立的時候是去翻國際法,請國際法庭審判獨立的。美國獨立的時候是去翻國際法獨立的嗎?孫中山推翻滿清建立中華民國是去翻國際法推翻和建國的嗎?假台獨歷史教授以及政論節目的架空幻想小說看太多了,不相關的東西拿來比擬,對現實完全脫節。可是那些假台獨歷史教授以及政論節目,拿著中華民國身分證死抱著印中華民國的鈔票,還數得很高興耶。

兩岸應該彼此合作而不是對立,對於中華人民共和國經濟改善,我也給予無限祝福。如果能像中國歷史上五代十「國」,在中國下每一個都是獨立的國家,沒有誰代表誰,都是國際平等的,擁有自己外交主權、彼此承認,這樣我也不反對。但就現實面,中華民國在台灣本來就是獨立的,這是事實。中華民國用台灣當識別並無不可,因為護照封面也是打Taiwan。講「中華民國在台澎金馬太平島綠島」,很長又不好用,沒有太大實質意義,在一般地球儀就只看的見台灣,所以護照用台灣也具代表性,對外國人也容易解釋。講ROC也可以和PRC作區別。中華民國並不存在浪費錢和沒有效果的改國號與獨立公投的必要。彭文正的改國名獨立公投只是為私利譁眾取寵搏收視率而已,這種政論節目還是別看了吧。


Source: 社會觀感追追追
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=226876517986456
https://www.facebook.com/charles.chen.5437/posts/1825588050809857?__tn__=K-R

Sunday, July 15, 2018

5 Ways To Say “No” Without Hurting Someone’s Feelings

"No" might be short and simple word, but lots of us have trouble declining requests.

We often worry about hurting someone else's feelings even if we really don't want to do as they ask.

Most of us value our relationships, and sometimes we decide that it's worth going along with what someone else wants if it means avoiding an argument.

Unfortunately, saying "Yes" when you really mean "No" comes at a cost.

Over time, you will start to resent other people when they keep asking you for favors. Your self-respect will also take a battering.

You may ask yourself, "Why am I happy to be a servant or a human doormat?" or "Why can't I stand up for myself?"

Luckily, there are a few tricks you can use to say "No" without hurting someone's feelings.

You can be polite whilst respecting your own needs at the same time!


1. Sandwich your refusal between two positive statements or compliments.


Use this simple formula: Start by thanking the other person for thinking of you, give a polite refusal, and then end on a positive note.

For example, let's suppose that your friend wants you to babysit her two children on Sunday afternoon, but you want to spend the day relaxing after a tough week at work.

You could say, "Thank you for asking, it's always an honor to be trusted with someone else's children! Unfortunately, I’m not free that day, so my answer has to be no. It's always a pleasure to be asked, though."

This is a gracious reply that preserves your friendship while making it clear that you will not be granting them a favor.


2. Choose a standard refusal phrase.


Finding the right words to say "No" when you're under stress is hard, so why not make it easier on yourself by coming up with a couple of phrases you can always rely on in the future?

Good choices include:

"I have too many other commitments so I can't help you, but thank you for asking."

"I can't take on more projects at the moment because my schedule is full."

"That doesn't really suit me, so I’ll pass."


3. Don't use an excuse.

If you have a genuine reason for a refusal, then feel free to share it with the other person.

However, don't try to fabricate a story.

The other person might start to suggest ways you could overcome the obstacle, and then the conversation could get seriously awkward.

For instance, if you tell them that you can't go to the theater with them on Saturday because you can't get a babysitter, they might just say:

"Oh that's OK, we'll go out Monday!" or "No problem, I know a babysitter who's free Saturday!"

It's far better to give a straightforward "No" instead.

Making up a solid excuse is actually harder than it looks.


4. Signpost them to an alternative or offer help at a later date.


If you want or need to appear helpful – for instance, perhaps a colleague or boss has asked you for assistance – then suggesting another person who could help them instead can work well.

However, don't just pull a random name from thin air!

Make sure your suggestion is sensible. Another tactic is to offer to help at a later date.

For instance, you could say,

"I can't take on this work right now, but my schedule won't be so heavy in a couple of weeks' time. I'll e-mail you when I'm free."

If you have a boss who wants you to take on more work and you are already overstretched, tell them that you would love to help, but that you need guidance on how to reprioritize the tasks that are already on your to-do list.

Ask whether they want particular assignments pushed back in order to make space for the new project.

This way, you are politely but firmly reminding them that you aren't superhuman, and you can't magically create a few extra hours in the day!


5. Tell them about your personal rules.


It's rude to try to talk someone out of their personal beliefs, convictions, and rules.

When you explain that a request just doesn't fit your values or lifestyle, other people will be more inclined to respect your decision.

For example, if someone wants you to volunteer at their charity once a week, you could say something like:

"I'm afraid I can't help you, because I've made a promise to myself to take on fewer commitments this summer."

If someone offers you a cake containing eggs but you are a vegan, you are well within your rights to say,

"Thank you for offering, but I’m vegan. That means I don't eat any animal products."


Saying "No" is a skill that has to be developed over time.

It can be scary to put your own wants and needs before those of someone else.

However, it gets easier with time.

Think of the people you admire most – it's a safe bet that they are used to saying "No"!

Remember, the world won't end just because you refuse to let yourself be used as a servant.

If you have a friend who gets offended when you politely decline an invitation or request, you probably don't want to be friends with them anyway.

Source:

http://powerfulmind.co/ways-to-say-no/

https://www.facebook.com/thispageisaboutwords/posts/1476944345774730

Saturday, May 05, 2018

母語是什麼?

(重貼5月2日的帖文,此帖文傳閱超過一千次,但5月4日被面書刪除)廣東話是香港官話,不是香港母語。香港教育局在聘請大陸學者,否定廣東話是香港人的母語,將粵語貶為方言。問題是:母語是什麼?

我告訴大家吧。母語這個觀念極之危險。母語源自歐洲的民族土語(native or vernacular language)的觀念,用母語教學的觀念,將粵語列為香港人的母語,必然一敗塗地。九七之後,董建華提倡母語教學,大家以為是廣東話教學,但其後就出現普教中,在香港人的兒童年齡群體裡面製造普通話的母語基礎,這顯示了母語是個迷惑香港人的觀念。

粵語不單只是到目前為止大多數香港人的土語,粵語更是南方官話。粵語是中原華夏雅言之南方流傳,既是華夏南方之交流語,也保留了華夏古語(主要是隋唐官話)的寶貴語音、語調、詞彙和文法傳承了華夏古代文明旁及百粵(南方的眾多粵族)語言和文明

如果用母語的觀念來看,香港必須採用複合的語言政策(composite language policy),普通話(北方官話)就必須列入教學語言。

香港好多本土運動的鼓吹者(尤其是港獨派),不明白我的學術判斷,他們將香港話(俗化的香港土語)列為香港人的母語,而不知道這正是中了共產黨的奸計,因為一旦在香港的大陸移民眾多,例如達到三四成,香港土語就沒有地位。而堂堂學生會的官方電郵竟然用香港土語(鄙俗的廣東土話)寫作,而不是用簡潔文言,更令大陸留學生認為香港是蠻夷之地,加強了他們講普通話時候的高傲。

粵語是香港官話,是香港人在正式場合的中文交流語粵語是不是你的母語,這個不重要,重要的是,它是香港官話。這個夠清楚了吧?

香港人的幸運,是當年英國殖民者採用雅言的觀念,在清朝的時候,英國派遣殖民官上廣州跟隨清朝的翰林太史學習中文和《四書》,在省城的學館書齋認識優雅言談,殖民官將廣府話列為香港的交流中文,而且將廣東話雅化、純化,將粵音提升成為雅正的電台語言和學校語言如果當年英國殖民政府採用土語或母語觀念,應該是圍頭話、客家話、潮州話、河洛話、蛋家話成為香港的交流語,而且粗話連篇,而不是當年雅正的廣府話。大家可以比較一下廣州的電台,由於不是用雅言,故此他們用的粵音是粗鄙土氣的,自丟身價,令北方人不尊重廣東人。馬來西亞的粵語廣播和客家話廣播也是粗鄙的土語,而不是文人雅言。

我是客家人,但我也會講好粵語和推廣雅正的粵語,因為粵語是雅言。一旦採用武斷的母語觀念,我是應該排斥粵語的。(台灣人講的閩南話是古漢語遺留,但台灣的本土運動行了歪路,台灣人推廣的是民間的土話,不是雅正的閩南話。)

我這本書,講述了粵語的歷史和成為教學語言的正當地位。即使是北方人,我也建議他們學好雅正的廣東話(而不是那些粗口爛舌的香港土語!)。

最後必須一提,廣東廣西的語言極之繁多,廣府話是經過長期的時間考驗而成為兩廣的交流語的,期間沒有官方勢力推廣或壓迫,有兩廣人民的共識兩廣人民長期認同廣府話為雅正的交流語,是有深刻原因的。


Source: 陳雲

https://www.facebook.com/wan.chin.75/posts/10156216343562225

Saturday, March 03, 2018

台灣如何獨立建國?

台灣如何獨立建國?方法好簡單,採取中華梵蒂岡模式,台灣就可以金蟬脫殼,獨立建國。現在,民視董事長郭倍宏集結獨派團體籌組「喜樂島聯盟」,宣示將督促政府推動「獨立公投、正名入聯」,前總統李登輝現身力挺,前總統陳水扁也錄影支持。

陳雲在《香港城邦論》(2011)寫過,台灣真想獨立,毋須採用公投模式,拖拖拉拉矇騙台灣人,可以馬上採取梵蒂岡模式,只要國會同意修憲,可以將中華民國的領土縮小到故宮博物院、中山紀念堂、蔣公陵墓等民國文化象徵地區,之後,由現時的中華民國在台灣的國會宣布還政大陸退出台灣省的領土委任臨時國會領土設立在指定地區,稱之為中華民國轄區,主理國家轉型的政務,轄區的主權和國防由台灣共和國代理。台灣住民同時宣布立憲,建立台灣共和國。如此,台灣可以「一地兩國」,以雙主權的靈活外交和宗教、文化傳播的權力,反制中共

中華民國在台灣是主權完整的國家,完全可以自由行事。要做,馬上就可以獨立建國,一日之內就可以成事。問題是,要看美國臉色,台灣獨立建國的阻力,來自美國,不是來自中共。

我講出台獨的方法,他們就不敢做了。他們會好像港獨一樣,鳩玩公投。中華民國在台灣,是主權完整而獨立的國家,並非在中共轄區之內,台灣不是蘇格蘭、巴塞羅那、魁北克,玩什麼公投脫離呢?

至於縮小轄區的中華民國,可以宣布更改國體,君主立憲,復辟王朝,天子登基,弄一個華夏皇帝出來,給大陸人膜拜,來台灣觀禮,朝貢金錢,這就是中華梵蒂岡(Chinese Vatican) 模式

以前,李登輝總統將中華民國的轄區,規限在台、澎、金、馬地區,放棄統治大陸,廢除源自大陸的萬年國會,在台灣改選國會,並且停止台灣省的行政,也只是國會修憲,有進行過公投嗎?

現在主政台灣的執政黨,就是主張台獨的民進黨、台獨總統蔡英文。蔡英文總統比李登輝總統的時候容易多了,台灣要獨立建國?現在就做吧。

Source: 陳雲
https://www.facebook.com/wan.chin.75/posts/10156047947782225

Tuesday, January 30, 2018

道不可言與可言

台灣早前那場文言與白話分高下的罵戰,我很詫異竟然沒有人代表語言學發聲,他們都在比併理據,兩派俱像先秦時代名家和縱橫家所為。理性主義提倡真理會愈辯愈明,「據理力爭」淪為現代人的唯一辯證方式,但這種思維到底使人近道還是背道呢?

天地有大美而不言」、「聖人行不言之教」、「名可名非常名」、「四時不言、萬物生焉」……老莊思想其中一個最厲害的地方是對語言的批判,早在二千年前其卓見已超越了近代的語言學和哲學家。諷刺的是,相傳老子李聃本來並無計劃著書立說,而是在一次通關的時候受到守城將軍刁難,才一晚寫下《道德經》好讓自己脫身,所以亦有一說指《道德經》其實是一部兵書。老莊說道有不可言說的特性,卻用語言把道說明出來,這不就是自相矛盾嗎?

不可言說,老莊質疑的是「言」的局限,主張文不可成全載道,人只能知道而不能言道。一旦言道,你就會尋找更準確的語意,語意愈單一,道的歧義之妙便會隨着說明而消亡了。比方說德文是最準確的語言,看似有利哲學辯證,卻因為雙關和歧義太少,所以最不幽默。又例如白話看似比文言更能達意,但你想想「形」這個字,你知道這個字的意思卻說不出來,你可以加上配詞使意思更為具體,說「形狀」、「形態」、「形相」,但每衍生一個字詞,我們就離「形」的本義愈遠了。文言用最少的字詞蘊藏最多的意思,聽憑人的悟道,所以它是鮮活的;相對地白話的字詞愈多,它所能表達的意思就愈空洞,就像這篇文章,我講來講去也未完全把心中的道轉讓給你。

不過,老莊並不否定語言的價值,他們只是反對辯明,反對把道說死了。莊子寫《知北遊》正是開講「道可道非常道」的問題,知北遊,即指「知」這個人物往北方遊歷,文言文三個字搞掂。知先後遇上無為謂、狂屈和黃帝,問他們甚麼是道。無為謂三問不答,狂屈就說我想告訴你但說不出,只有黃帝答他:「無思無慮始知道,無處無服始安道,無從無道始得道。」

知就疑惑:「我們講得出即是我們知道,難道他們不知道嗎?」

黃帝就開始解釋,無為謂方是真道狂屈是近道,他和知則比不上;黃帝用了很大篇幅講解「知者不言,言者不知」的矛盾,其實莊子想轉達一種與道相忘的至高境界,而我們愈言道就離臻境愈遠。然而,莊子沒有否定黃帝,故事的結尾講到狂屈聽到黃帝這番講解後,稱讚他是「知言」,繞了這麼大圈,莊子其實在讚自己能寫得出道的妙旨,「知言」便是一切文哲最貼近道的狀態。雖然「知言」離真道尚有距離,但思想家的目標就是把語言推向近道的極致,在寫作的歷程裡,同時要通曉語言自身的有限,當心自己寫活了還是寫死了道。

羅蘭巴特也很關心語言失去鮮活的問題,跟老莊暗合:「描述極盡所能描繪出物體之死亡狀態,佯裝其確立其意,並欲使之復活。「使復活」的意思就是「看着死亡」。形容詞是幻想的工具,不管它說甚麼,愈描愈死,形容就像辦一場喪儀。」

Source: 作者
https://www.facebook.com/yhmetblogspot/posts/1777610975622366

https://medium.com/@writerhk/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E8%AC%9B%E8%80%81%E8%8E%8A-3-%E9%81%93%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%A8%80%E8%88%87%E5%8F%AF%E8%A8%80-1ffcaab850c6